Playlist: Uploads from Veritasium - YouTube

The surprising genius of Strandbeests. Fight the data brokers with Incogni. Head over to https://incogni.com/veritasium to get 60% off your annual subscription.

A massive thank you to Theo Jansen, to learn more about him and his Strandbeests check out: https://www.strandbeest.com/

A special thank you to Adam Savage, check out his channel Tested over at: https://www.youtube.com/tested

If you enjoyed the Strandbeest song at the end, you can hear the whole thing on our Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/posts/by-popular-song-117493336

0:00 Creation of the Beests
2:40 Learning to walk
6:50 Overcoming the sand
9:00 Surviving the storms
10:17 Incogni
11:46 Building muscle
14:27 A developing brain
17:39 Fossils and decay
18:13 Strandbeests and climate change
19:16 Legacy
20:03 The Virus is Spreading

▀▀▀
Join us on Patreon for early access videos, bonus content, and to support Veritasium! https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Patrons: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Farbod Mansorian, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, Greg Scopel, I. H., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Spilmann Reed, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, meg noah, wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀

References: https://ve42.co/Refstrandbeest

Video and Image Credits:
Global Temperature Anomalies from 1880 to 2022 by via nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/temp188022
Adam Savage’s TestedAdam Savage's One Day Builds: Pedal-Powered Strandbeest! via Youtube - https://ve42.co/pedalbeest
greenmanbucket1980: Walter Cronkite on Climate Change via Youtube - https://ve42.co/cronkitecc
ThamesTvClimate Change | Global Warming | Pollution | This Week | 1988 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/1988ccnews
AP ArchiveUSA: VICE PRESIDENT AL GORE'S WARNING ON GLOBAL CLIMATE via Youtube - https://ve42.co/goresalarm
ThamesTvClimate Change - Warming Warning - 1981 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/1981warning
CBS New YorkReport Warns Of Rising Sea Levels via Youtube - https://ve42.co/searise
ShatnerMethodEarly Warnings of Climate Change Catastrophe - 1982 - CBS Evening News via Youtube - https://ve42.co/1982cbccc
The Weather NetworkNetherlands: Wind storm almost topples truck, tears roof off building via Youtube - https://ve42.co/dutchstorm
NBC NewsDeadly Storm Makes Crossing The Street A Battle In The Netherlands | NBC News via Youtube - https://ve42.co/stormbattle
Marcel OzymantraA clip from The Simpsons Season 28 Episode 10 "The Nightmare After Krustmas" via Youtube - https://ve42.co/simpsonscc
EngineezyI Built A Mechanical Walking Robot (with GPS) via Youtube - https://ve42.co/mechwalker
BigWR_永恒跳动的火焰Epic ride | Walking robot creature Strandbeest via Youtube - https://ve42.co/epicbeest
JK BrickworksLEGO Steampunk Walking Ship (Strandbeest) via Youtube - https://ve42.co/legobeest
The QEpic Cycling | Truly Unique Bicycle that Walks via Youtube - https://ve42.co/bikewalks
James BrutonBalancing Strandbeest via Youtube - https://ve42.co/beestbalance
TED-EdClosing the Dutch Maeslantkering (flood defence) | Timelapse via Youtube - https://ve42.co/floodclose
Peter TheobaldCentaur frame using Strandbeest mechanism - walking test via Youtube - https://ve42.co/centaurbot
The QDIY Walking Robotic Creature Strandbeest via Youtube - https://ve42.co/diybeest
HiroLabo OECUQuadruped Passive Walker by Strandbeest / Theo Jansen / LEGO via Youtube - https://ve42.co/quadwalker
Gabriel LaflammeStrandbeest 3d printed via Youtube - https://ve42.co/3dbeest
BigWR_永恒跳动的火焰Epic ride | Walking robot creature Strandbeest via Youtube - https://ve42.co/beestride
EngineezyI Built A Mechanical Walking Robot (with GPS) via Youtube - https://ve42.co/gpswalker
JKBrickworksLEGO Steampunk Walking Ship (Strandbeest) via Youtube - https://ve42.co/legoship
ZenichiWorksThe Playa Crawler Construction via Youtube - https://ve42.co/playabot
Concept BytesI built a WALKING coffee table via Youtube - https://ve42.co/walkingtable

▀▀▀
Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev
Edited by Luke Molloy, Laura Mills, and Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli and Mike Radjabov
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Casper Mebius, Rasoel Al Safar and Derek Muller
Additional research by Gabe Bean
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain
Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

You probably don’t understand how a rainbow really works. Get a little smarter every day with Brilliant. Visit https://brilliant.org/veritasium to get 20% off your annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to Mats Vermeeren.

00:00 Most people don't understand rainbows
01:08 Light refraction explained
08:20 How does a rainbow form?
13:10 Circular rainbows
15:14 Why are rainbows curved?
17:30 Why can’t you see a rainbow with sunglasses?
18:43 Why is it brighter underneath a rainbow?
20:44 Different types of rainbow
23:46 Invention of the cloud chamber

▀▀▀
Join us on Patreon for early access videos, bonus content, and to support Veritasium! https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Patrons: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Farbod Mansorian, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, Greg Scopel, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Spilmann Reed, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

CORRECTION: We mistakenly used picture of the portrait artist Henry Tanworth Wells at 23:54. It should be a picture of CTR Wilson. Sorry! Thanks, @manicpixiedreambuoy, for pointing it out.

▀▀▀

References: https://ve42.co/RefsRainbows

▀▀▀
Directed by Pablo Rovetto and Derek Muller
Written by Pablo Rovetto and Derek Muller
Edited by Nick Lear and Trenton
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, Emma Wright and Fabio Albertelli
Filmed by Derek Muller
Additional research by Gabe Bean and Geeta Thakur
Produced by Pablo Rovetto, Derek Muller, Emily Zhang, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain
Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

I put cameras inside a dishwasher to wash away some common dishwasher myths. Learn more about the KitchenAid® 360° Max Jets Third Rack Dishwasher by visiting KitchenAid.com/veritasium #sponsored #kitchenaidambassador

The mistakes of Amelia Earhart’s final flight, and the physics that could have saved her. Use code VERITASIUM to get 50% off your 1st club crate when you join a club for kids aged 3+ or go to https://kiwico.com/veritasium

00:00 Amelia Earhart’s final flight
03:33 Who was Amelia Earhart?
05:36 The flight plan
07:13 How celestial navigation works
09:16 Invention of radio technology
12:02 Radio waves explained
22:44 Earhart makes her critical decision
24:55 Communication failures
28:30 “Gas is running low”
31:39 Her desperate final message
33:01 The small detail that could have saved her

Special thanks to Clifford Heath for his help putting together the radio demo, and the folks at the Victorian ARDF group for connecting us.

Thank you to Brian Harrison and Michael Murphy with the AWA Communication Technologies Museum for their assistance with early research.

Thank you to Peter Bevelacqua over at Antenna Theory for help filling in some missing details.

Sharp-eyed viewers might notice there doesn't seem to be a loop antenna in the flight simulation shots. It sadly wasn't included in the simulator's model of Earhart's Electra, but it features prominently in old photos.

The Secret Life of Radio video credits: Tim Hunkin - https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=4AyDKVi6brMqSIMD& ;amp;v=LMxate9gegg&feature=youtu.be

Join us on Patreon for early access videos, bonus content, and to support Veritasium! https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Patrons: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, Greg Scopel, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

References: https://ve42.co/RefsEarhart

Directed by Sulli Yost and Derek Muller
Written by Sulli Yost and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by David Szakaly, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, Mohamed Alhaj, Emma Wright
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek, Emma Wright, Maria Gusakovich
Filmed by Derek Muller and Bernard Lau
Additional Research by Gabriel Bean, Geeta Thakur
Produced by Sulli Yost, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Tori Brittain, Umar Ijaz
Thumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard, Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound and Jonny Hyman

Which is better - granny knot or square knot? Most of us are tying our laces wrong.

Glass is one of the most important materials humans have ever made. Try out Saily by heading to https://saily.com/veritasium and remember to use coupon code veritasium to get 15% off your first purchase.

00:00 Glass and our place in the universe
01:23 How Gorilla Glass works
04:35 What is glass?
05:15 Is glass a liquid?
07:29 Different types of glass
09:59 Invention of transparent glass
11:56 Why is some glass transparent?
14:54 Invention of glass lenses
15:52 Development of magnification
18:02 How to make glass more durable

▀▀▀
Join us on Patreon for early access videos, bonus content, and to support Veritasium! https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Patrons: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, Greg Scopel, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀

References: https://ve42.co/GlassReferences

▀▀▀
Directed by Petr Lebedev
Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Edited by Nick Lear
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly and Rokas Viksraitis
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek, Emma Wright, and Maria Gusakovich
Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Sulli Yost and Miranda Prise
Additional research by Gabe Bean, Geeta Thakur
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Gabe Bean, and Tori Brittain
Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

Being better at math can make you worse at math problems, and it’s completely rational. Get all sides of every story at https://groundnews.com/Ve and read the news with a data-driven approach. Subscribe through my link for 50% off unlimited access– their biggest discount of the year.

00:00 This research paper has fascinated me for years
00:21 The skin cream question
04:20 How politics influences our reasoning
5:10 The gun control question
8:42 Are people rational decision makers?
9:27 Why people think tribally
10:38 What can we do about political polarisation?

▀▀▀
Join us on Patreon for early access videos and exclusive bonus content https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Patrons: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, Greg Scopel, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
References:
Kahan D, M. et al. (Sept 3, 2014). Motivated numeracy and enlightened self-government. Behavioural public policy, 1(1), 54-86 - https://ve42.co/Kahan2017
TEDx Talks. (Dec 10, 2018). Are Smart People Ruining Democracy? via Youtube - https://ve42.co/KahanTedx
Cardiff University. (Mar 6, 2014). The Science Communication Environment via Youtube - https://ve42.co/KahanCardiff
spitfirestrategies. (Nov 21, 2012). How cultural values shape beliefs and perceptions of risk via Youtube - https://ve42.co/KahanSpirit

Images & Video:
TEDx Talks. (Dec 10, 2018). Are Smart People Ruining Democracy? via Youtube - https://ve42.co/KahanTedx


▀▀▀
Directed by Wylie Overstreet and Derek Muller
Written by Wylie Overstreet and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, James Cheetham
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek, Emma Wright, and Maria Gusakovich
Filmed by Derek Muller and Wylie Overstreet
Additional research by Gabe Bean
Produced by Wylie Overstreet, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Gabe Bean, Gregor Čavlović, and Tori Brittain
Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

The single principle that underpins all of physics. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

A massive thank you to Prof. Steven Strogatz for his expertise and enthusiasm. As an exclusive bonus for our Patreon members, we've posted a longer interview with Prof. Strogatz over there: https://www.patreon.com/posts/principle-of-116042877

A huge thank you to Prof. Haithem Taha, Prof. Anthony Bloch, Dr. Carl-Fredrik Nyberg Brodda, Dr. Sarah Millholland, and Dr. Andrew Mitchell for all their help with finding the story and getting it right.

A special thanks to Dr. Aurèle Adam, Ron Haaksman, Marc Serra Peralta, and everyone at the Delft Makerspace for their help with preparing and performing experiments.

00:00 One rule that replaces all of physics
00:51 The problem of fastest descent
05:09 Fermat's principle
07:17 Bernoulli's solution
10:38 Maupertuis' principle
12:28 Maupertuis attacked and ridiculed
14:01 Euler & Lagrange to the rescue
17:22 The general approach to solving these problems
19:32 Writing the principle into its modern form
23:17 Why the principle works
27:08 Another way to do mechanics
30:19 A “spooky” breakthrough

▀▀▀
Join us on Patreon for early access videos and exclusive bonus content https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Patrons: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Martin, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni , TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
Key references:

A fantastic book on the history of the Principle of Least Action: Rojo, A. and Bloch, A. The
Principle of Least Action: History and Physics. - https://ve42.co/Bloch2018
Coopersmith, J. (2017). The lazy universe: an introduction to the principle of least action. Oxford University Press. - https://ve42.co/LazyU
3Blue1Brown. The Brachistochrone, with Steven Strogatz via Youtube - https://ve42.co/Brach3B1B
Vsauce. The Brachistochrone via Youtube - https://ve42.co/BrachV
PBS Space Time. Is ACTION The Most Fundamental Property in Physics? via Youtube - https://ve42.co/PBSAction

Full list of references: https://ve42.co/LeastActionRefs

Images & Video:
Voltaire. (1753). Diatribe du Docteur Akakia. - https://ve42.co/DiatribeAkakia
Philosophical Transactions cover. via Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/PhilTransImage
Kids Fun Science. (Jun 28, 2017). Refraction of Light with a arrow experiment via Youtube - https://ve42.co/RefractionFunSci
Physics with Simon Poliakoff. Refraction demonstration with water and laser via Youtube - https://ve42.co/SimonPoliakoff
Mercury Transit Across Sun. via Nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/MercTransit


▀▀▀
Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, Gregor Čavlović, Emma Wright, James Finnemore and David Szakaly
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek, Emma Wright, and Maria Gusakovich
Filmed by Derek Muller and Casper Mebius
Additional research by Gabe Bean, Gregor Čavlović, and Geeta Thakur
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Gabe Bean, Gregor Čavlović, and Tori Brittain
Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks, and NASA SVS
Music from Epidemic Sound

What would happen if you fell into a black hole? #astrophysics #einstein #generalrelativity

Europa Clipper is looking for signs of alien life in a very deadly place. Head to http://80000hours.org/veritasium to start planning a career that can help change the world for the better.

A massive thank you to Dr. Robert Pappalardo for his expertise and time.

A huge thank you to Gretchen McCartney and Cynthia B. Phillips at NASA JPL for their help.

For more on hydrothermal vents, check out NaturalWorldFacts on YouTube - @NaturalWorldFacts

00:00 ATTEMPT NO LANDING.
01:06 Jupiter’s deadly radiation belts
03:56 Europa’s secret
06:15 Why Europa isn’t completely frozen
08:03 Effects of tidal flexing
09:13 Why alien life could exist
10:39 How Europa Clipper detects signs of life
11:34 Why not Enceladus?
13:01 Europa Clipper’s instruments
15:13 Launch date and first results

▀▀▀

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Ayush Agrawal, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Shiroyasha, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures and wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
References:
Europa Clipper via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/ECWiki
Magnetosphere of Jupiter via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/JupiterMagWiki
Europa Clipper (2024) via Nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/ECNasa
Extraterrestrial Cycloids - Why Are They on Europa? via minutephysics on YouTube - https://ve42.co/MinPhysCycloid
Hand, K. P. & Carlson, R. W. (2015). Europa’s surface color suggests an ocean rich with sodium chloride. Geophysical research letters - https://ve42.co/Carlson2015
Dalton, J. B. et al. (2003). Near-Infrared Detection of Potential Evidence for Microscopic Organisms on Europa. Astrobiology - https://ve42.co/Dalton2003
Europa Clipper: Exploring Jupiter's Ocean World (2024, May 24) via Youtube - https://ve42.co/PappalardoLec
Carr, M., Belton, M., Chapman, C. et al. (1998). Evidence for a subsurface ocean on Europa. Nature 391, 363–365 - https://ve42.co/Carr1998
New Findings Support Prospect of Life on Jupiter’s Moon Europa (2024) via Nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/NasaEuropaLife
Meitzler, R., Jun, I., Blase, R. et al. (2023). Investigating Europa’s Radiation Environment with the Europa Clipper Radiation Monitor. Space Sci Rev 219, 61 - https://ve42.co/Meitzler2023

#europaclipper

Images & Video:
2010: The Year We Make Contact - https://ve42.co/2010Contact
CGI animations via NASA - https://ve42.co/NasaCGI
NASA Eyes on the Solar System - https://ve42.co/NasaEyes
Jupiter's magnetosphere via Chandra X-Ray Center - https://ve42.co/JupiterMagChandra
Io's Volcanoes via BBC Earth Science - https://ve42.co/IoBBCEarth
Clipper ships via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/ClipperShipWiki
Various moon images via NASA - https://ve42.co/NasaMoons
Hydrothermal vent animation from NaturalWorldFacts - https://ve42.co/NWFVentAnims
Hydrothermal vent footage by Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute - https://ve42.co/ARIVent
Snotbot footage from VICE News - https://ve42.co/SnotBotVice
Plate tectonics on Europa by Noah Kroese - https://ve42.co/KroeseTectonics
JUICE CGI animations via ESA - https://ve42.co/JUICECGIESA
Arthur C. Clarke photo via ITU Pictures under the CC 2.0 license - https://ve42.co/ClarkePhoto

▀▀▀
Directed by Gregor Čavlović
Written by Gregor Čavlović and Derek Muller
Edited by Jack Saxon
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, and Jack Saxon
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev and Gregor Čavlović
Additional research by Gabriel Bean
Produced by Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Luke Lewis, Barbara Abraul, Gabriel Bean, Petr Lebedev, and Casper Mebius

Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, and Jakub Misiek

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

The world’s first look inside a thermite reaction. Use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan.

A massive thank you to everyone at Goldschmidt for making this possible. With special thanks to Dr. Axel Hoeschen, Christof Gassmann and Claudia Koch.

00:00 What is thermite?
00:51 Hans Goldschmidt and the first thermite reaction
05:55 The reaction as it’s never been seen before
14:57 How thermite welding works
17:43 I destroyed a laptop!
26:44 How thermite is made
31:11 Blow-torching thermite to show how reactive it is

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. https://snatoms.com/

▀▀▀

References:

Archives from Goldschmidt
Thermite via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiThermite
From the past to the present. via goldschmidt.com - https://ve42.co/Past2Present
Hans Goldschmidt via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/HansGWiki
Goldschmidt, H. (1914). Gesammelte Veröffentlichungen (1st Ed.). Springer-Verlag - https://ve42.co/HGoldschmit1914
Menzies, J. (2015, January 8). Mechanic's Toolbox: Thermite Welding. SFMTA. - https://ve42.co/ThermiteWelding
Kirshenbaum, A. D., & Cahill, J. A. (1960). The density of liquid aluminium oxide. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry - https://ve42.co/CahillA1960
Reichstag fire via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/ReichstagFireWiki

Images & Video:

Karl Goldschmidt - https://ve42.co/KGoldschmidt
Goldschmidt Chemical Factory - https://ve42.co/GSFabrik
Henry Treffry Dunn Rossetti and Dunton at 16 Cheyne Walk - https://ve42.co/Treffry
The Green Gown - https://ve42.co/GreenGown
Arsenic Green Dress - https://ve42.co/ArsenicGreenDress
Kersting, Die Stickerin - https://ve42.co/Fassung
Too Early Tissot Detail - https://ve42.co/Tissot
Death Skull - https://ve42.co/Skull
British uniforms - https://ve42.co/BritishUniforms
Thermit in Practice - https://ve42.co/SKallee
Thermite Ship Shaft Welding 1 - https://ve42.co/ShipShaft1
Thermite Ship Shaft Welding 2 - https://ve42.co/ShipShaft2
Using Incendiary Grenade to Destroy German Antitank Gun by OkraJoe - https://youtu.be/RTSiq5QYHGo?si=Va_6dPimFuaQfFp5
Reichstagsbrand - https://ve42.co/RTBrand
Ruins of the Reichstagsbrand - https://ve42.co/RTBrand2
The Thermite Kettle by colinfurze - https://youtu.be/mg3bFxdAZsY?si=BmBIYPUlP1Wfpuoj


▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Ayush Agrawal, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee

▀▀▀
Directed by Derek Muller
Written by Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Rokas Vikšraitis and Mike Radjabov
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller, David Bochmann, Casper Mebius, Luise Dietert, Henning Fischer and Harald Schweiger
Additional Research by Gregor Čavlović and Gabriel Bean
Produced by Gregor Čavlović, Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard and Tori Brittain

Thumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard, Ren Hurley and Casper Mebius
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Story Blocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

How do QR codes work? The checkerboard patterns taking over the world, demystified. Go to https://Saily.com/veritasium and use the code ‘veritasium’ to get an exclusive 15% off your first purchase.

Special thanks to Mashiro Hara and Yuki Watanabe.

00:00 I was wrong
00:49 How Morse Code revolutionized communication
03:57 How barcodes work
10:34 How QR codes store information
18:16 Why damaged QR codes still work
29:54 Why are QR codes so common?
31:21 How safe are QR codes?
32:25 The future of QR codes

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. https://snatoms.com/

▀▀▀

References: https://ve42.co/QRCodeRefs


Images & Video:
1940’s grocery store - H.I.C - https://ve42.co/1940sShop
Why Americans Are Obsessed With Peanut Butter via Youtube - https://ve42.co/PeanutButter1
Jif Peanut Butter 90s Commercial (1998) via Youtube - https://ve42.co/PeanutButter2
Vericode Symbol via Youtube - https://ve42.co/VericodeSymbol
Oreo introduces Sour Patch Kids cookies via YouTube - https://ve42.co/OreaSour
BSE - Changes in Behaviour via YouTube - https://ve42.co/BSE
QR Code with Drones | Firefly Drone Show via YouTube - https://ve42.co/DroneQRCode
Damaged barcode 1 by christiaangpr via Reddit - https://ve42.co/DamagedBarcode1
Damaged barcode 2, Midcom service group https://ve42.co/DamagedBarcode2
Oskana, G and Petkova, A. (2020 July 1). Testing a nano-barcodes marking technology for identification and protection of the mechanical products, Fig. 1 - https://ve42.co/MatrixCodes
NASA Celebrates 40 Years of the Voyager Mission via Nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/Voyager40Yr
Apollo footage via Nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/ApolloFootage
Snake in a QR code by MattKC via mattkc.com - https://ve42.co/SnakeQR
Scratched CD by Ice3yes via Reddit - https://ve42.co/ScratchedCD
Alfred Vail Portrait via si.edu - https://ve42.co/AlfredVail
Bernard Silver Portrait vai invent.org - https://ve42.co/BernardSilver
Norman Joseph Woodland Portrait via usatoday.com https://ve42.co/NormanWoodland
Masahiro Hara portrait via denso.com https://ve42.co/MasahiroPhoto
Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph patents via Wikipedia:
https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent1
https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent2
https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent3
https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent4
https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent5
https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent6
5 needle telegraph via cachesleuth.com- https://ve42.co/NeedleTelegraph

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee

▀▀▀
Directed by Sumeet Kulkarni
Written by Sumeet Kulkarni and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson and Luke Molloy
Animated by David Szakaly, Fabio Albertelli, James Finnemore, Ivy Tello
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek, Emma Wright
Filmed by Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno
Additional Research by Gabriel Bean
Produced by Sumeet Kulkarni, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Tori Brittain, Emily Zhang

Thumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard, Ren Hurley, David Szakaly, Gregor Čavlović, Raquel Nuno
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Story Blocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

Can you trust your phone? Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

A huge thank you to Linus Sebastian and the team at Linus Tech Tips - check them out at @LinusTechTips

A massive thank you to Alexandre De Oliveira and Karsten Nohl making this demo possible.

A special thanks to Crofton Black at Lighthouse Reports, Cathal Mc Daid at Enea, and James Hobson at @hacksmith

00:00 I hacked Linus!
00:59 How Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak hacked the telephone network
02:22 Early history of the telephone
07:08 The kidnapping of Sheikha Latifa
08:41 How Signalling System No. 7 works
11:03 Why SS7 is vulnerable to hacking
12:15 How hackers gain access to phones
16:17 How I was able to spy on Linus’ phone
18:09 How hackers can intercept text messages
21:04 How your location can be tracked via SS7
29:03 How to protect your phone from hacking

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures and wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
References:
Black, C. (2020). Spy companies using Channel Islands to track phones around the world. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism - https://ve42.co/SpyTBIJ
It is dangerously easy to hack the world’s phones via The Economist - https://ve42.co/EconHack
Blake, H. (2023). The Fugitive Princesses of Dubai. The New Yorker - https://ve42.co/DubaiNY
McDaid, C. (2021). How Surveillance Companies Track You Using Mobile Networks. media.ccc.de - https://ve42.co/McDaid2021
Engel, T. (2014). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate. media.ccc.de - https://ve42.co/Engel2014
Nohl, K. (2014). Mobile self-defense. media.ccc.de - https://ve42.co/Nohl2014
How Cell Service Actually Works via WendoverProductions - https://ve42.co/CellWendover
How Telephone Phreaking Worked via The 8-Bit Guy - https://ve42.co/8BitGuy
Transmission Lines: Part 1 An Introduction via TheSiGuy - https://ve42.co/TheSiGuy
The Step-By-Step Switch via AT&T Tech Channel - https://ve42.co/SwitchATNT
Hacking Your Phone via 60 Minutes - https://ve42.co/60minHack
Rosenbaum, R. (1971). Secrets of the Little Blue Box. The Esquire Magazine - https://ve42.co/Rosenbaum1971
Black, C. et. al. (2023). Ghost in the network. Lighthouse Reports - https://ve42.co/Black2023
Kerr, D. (2019). The step-by-step telephone switching system. dougkerr.net - https://ve42.co/Kerr2019
Ecall and 2G/3G Network Obsolescence via PFA Plateforme Automobile - https://ve42.co/PFAAuto2021


Images & Video:
All references can be found here: https://ve42.co/PhoneSpyingImageVideo

▀▀▀
Directed by Henry van Dyck
Written by Henry van Dyck
Edited by Laura Mills
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, and Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller and Linus Media Group Team
Additional research by Gabe Bean
Produced by Derek Muller, Henry van Dyck, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Emily Lazard, Luke Lewis, Gregor Čavlović, and Emily Zhang
Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

Myths and misconceptions about planes. Go to https://groundnews.com/Ver to see through media misconceptions and get all sides of every story. Subscribe to save 40% off unlimited access through our link.

If you enjoyed this video and want to go deeper, you'll find extended interviews, deleted scenes, and some of our early thumbnail concepts over on Patreon https://www.patreon.com/posts/patreon-what-112039394

A massive thank you to Petter Hörnfeldt for his expertise and time. Check out @MentourPilot.

A huge thank you to Baz Collins, Nick Woods, Val Bukmanis, and everyone at the Queensland Air Museum for hosting us and making this shoot possible - https://ve42.co/QLDAir

A special thanks to Roddy McNamee for helping out with the script - https://ve42.co/RMcN

A big thank you to Emily Zhang, Petr Lebedev, and Casper Mebius for their help and guidance!

00:00 Can plane doors be opened mid-flight?
00:28 How high do planes fly?
02:31 How do jet engines work?
04:43 Airplanes before cabin pressurization
05:34 Why don’t pressurized planes need door locks?
07:07 Do people fart more in planes?
07:57 The story of Aloha Airlines Flight 243
09:21 The story of Asiana Airlines Flight AA8124
09:57 Is “airplane mode” on phones real?
13:53 Why does airplane food taste bad?
15:07 Why do people drink tomato juice on planes?
16:15 How safe is air travel?

▀▀▀

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
References:
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge via the FAA - https://ve42.co/LiftandDragEqs
Compressor efficiency by Roddy McNamee - https://ve42.co/Compressor
Garrido, E. et. al. (2019). Breathless and dying on Mount Everest. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine - https://ve42.co/Everest3min
Cabin Pressurization via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/CabinPressure
B737 door specifications by Chris Brady - https://ve42.co/737door
Aloha Airlines 243 Accident Report by the NTSB - https://ve42.co/AlohaAirline
Boeing 737-297 Specifications via the FAA - https://ve42.co/AlohaCycles
(PED) Aviation Rulemaking Committee via the FAA - https://ve42.co/AirplaneMode
Ritchie, C. (1996). Potential Liability from Electromagnetic Interference. Journal of Air Law and Commerce - https://ve42.co/Ritchie1996
FAA restrictions via eCFR - https://ve42.co/FAArules
Is Phone Interference Phony? via Wired - https://ve42.co/FCCTesting
Sabatini N. (2005). Statement before the Subcommittee of Aviation. U.S. Department of Transportation - https://ve42.co/FCCquote
EU rules on Airplane Mode via euronews.com - https://ve42.co/EUAPM
Mayer, F. et al. (2022). Indoor Air Quality in Commercial Air Transportation. Handbook of Indoor Air Quality - https://ve42.co/PlaneHumid
Burdack-Freitag, et al. (2010). Odor and taste perception in a simulated aircraft cabin. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety. - https://ve42.co/SmellTaste

Images & Video:
Passenger Opens Emergency Exit via 10 News First - https://ve42.co/Jetstar
Airplane-Door OPENS Mid-flight! by Mentour Pilot - https://ve42.co/MentourAsia
A320 Door by Captain Time - https://ve42.co/A320Door
B737 Door by Abdulrahman Ismail - https://ve42.co/B737Door
The Miracle Landing Of Aloha Airlines Flight 243 by Wonder - https://ve42.co/Wonder243
Terrifying video shows Asiana flight door open in mid-air by National Post - https://ve42.co/PlaneDoorOpen
Faraday Cage by Radwell International - https://ve42.co/Faraday
Anatomy of the Inner Ear model by Annie Campbell, Now Medical Studios - https://ve42.co/EarAnatomy

▀▀▀
Directed by Gregor Čavlović and Derek Muller
Written by Gregor Čavlović, Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, and Casper Mebius
Edited by Jack Saxon
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, and Jack Saxon Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Chase Brockett, Charles Clement, and Derek Muller
Additional research by Gabriel Bean
Produced by Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Owen Maher, Emily Lazard, Luke Lewis, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, and Casper Mebius

Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, Mike Radjabov, and Igant Barbeci

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

Democracy might be mathematically impossible – here’s why. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. https://snatoms.com/

▀▀▀
Massive thanks to Prof. Eric Maskin for helping with the script. Thanks to Chris Dong for inspiring this video. Massive thanks to Latif Nasser for being part of this video. Massive thanks to Curtis Gilberts, and to Radiolab -- listen to their great episode on voting systems here https://radiolab.org/podcast/tweak-vote

▀▀▀

A few great proofs of Arrow’s impossibility theorem:
Yu, N. N. (2012). A one-shot proof of Arrow's impossibility theorem. Economic Theory, 523-525.- https://ve42.co/Yu2012
Geanakoplos, J. (2005). Three brief proofs of Arrow’s impossibility theorem. Economic Theory, 26(1), 211-215. - https://ve42.co/Geanakoplos2005

References:
Arrow, K. J. (2012). Social choice and individual values (Vol. 12). Yale university press. - https://ve42.co/Arrow2012
Arrow, K. J. (1950). A Difficulty in the Concept of Social Welfare. Journal of Political Economy - https://ve42.co/Arrow1950
Black, D. (1948). On the rationale of group decision-making. Journal of political economy, 56(1), 23-34. - https://ve42.co/Black1948
Black, D. (1969). On Arrow's impossibility theorem. The Journal of Law and Economics, 12(2), 227-248. - https://ve42.co/Arrow1969
Maskin, E., & Sen, A. (2014). The Arrow impossibility theorem. Columbia University Press. - https://ve42.co/Maskin2014
Gehrlein, W. V., & Valognes, F. (2001). Condorcet efficiency: A preference for indifference. Social Choice and Welfare - https://ve42.co/Gehrlein2001
Dardanoni, V. (2001). A pedagogical proof of Arrow's Impossibility Theorem. Social Choice and Welfare, 18(1), 107-112. - https://ve42.co/Dardanoni2001
McCune, D., & Wilson, J. (2023). Ranked-choice voting and the spoiler effect. Public Choice, 196(1), 19-50. - https://ve42.co/McCune2023
Santucci, J. (2021). Variants of ranked-choice voting from a strategic perspective. Politics and Governance, 9(2), 344-353. - https://ve42.co/Santucci2021
Kaminski, M. M. (2018). Spoiler effects in proportional representation systems: evidence from eight Polish parliamentary elections, 1991–2015. Public Choice, 176(3), 441-460. - https://ve42.co/Kaminski2018
Brams, S. J., & Fishburn, P. C. (1978). Approval voting. American Political Science Review, 72(3), 831-847. - https://ve42.co/Brams1978

Other references and election results - https://ve42.co/IODRefs

Images & Video:
Minneapolis 2013 Debate Images: https://ve42.co/Minn2013Debate
4 Images from this article: https://ve42.co/MinnDebateMPR
Arrow Nobel Prize Image from NYT Article: https://ve42.co/ArrowNYT

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee

▀▀▀
Directed by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek and Ivy Tello
Filmed by Derek Muller
Additional Research by Gabriel Bean
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Gabriel Bean, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Luke Lewis
Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound

#democracy #voting #mathematics