Playlist: Uploads from Veritasium - YouTube

Watch the full video here: https://youtu.be/AFXLZ7FEJc4?si=OaiAz42CzKGSPOYh

Written by Sulli Yost and @casper_mebius

Produced and Directed by Sulli Yost

Hosted by Derek Muller and @henry.vandyck

#science #veritasium #physics #engineering #experiment

This is the world's largest spiderweb.

Entirely underground, it's home to an entire ecosystem.

But how does it work?

The rise and fall of a forgotten frozen empire. Sponsored by Brilliant. To learn for free on Brilliant for a full 30 days, go to https://brilliant.org/Veritasium/. Our viewers also get 20% off an annual Premium subscription, which gives you unlimited daily access to everything on Brilliant.

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

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A huge thank you to Amy Brady and Tom Jackson for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video.

Check out Amy Brady’s book here - https://ve42.co/BradyIce
Check out Tom Jackson’s book here - https://ve42.co/JacksonChilled

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0:00 The Frozen Monopoly
4:40 How To Stop Ice From Melting
8:06 An Icy Welcome
10:52 The Rise Of The Ice King
14:32 How Ice Transformed Cities
18:29 The First Ice Machine
23:22 Why is the back of the fridge hot?
25:45 Natural Ice Is Deadly
27:14 Would the world be different without refrigeration?

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References can be found here - https://ve42.co/IceRefs

Image and video references can be found here - https://ve42.co/IceVisuals

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Hong Thai Le, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jesse Brandsoy, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee

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Writers: Darius Garewal & Casper Mebius
Producer & Director: Darius Garewal
Presenters: Derek Muller & Gregor Čavlović
Editor: Peter Nelson
Animators: Andrew Neet, Ulugbek Islamov & Fabio Albertelli
Illustrators: Nataly Zhuk, Maria Gusakovich, Grace Nemanic, Isaac McRee & Jakub Misiek
Assistant Editor: James Stuart
Additional Editors: James Horsley & James Stuart
Researcher: Callum Cuttle
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Josh Pitt, Matthew Cavanagh, Anna Milkovic, Katy Southwood & Jess Bishop-Laggett
Executive Producers: Derek Muller, Zoe Heron, Casper Mebius & Gregor Čavlović
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

What this strange quantum effect reveals about potentials. Sponsored by Planet Wild. Want to restore the planet’s ecosystems and see your impact in monthly videos? The first 150 people to join Planet Wild will get the first month for free at: https://planetwild.com/r/veritasium/join
If you want to get to know them better first, check out their project stopping plastic waste before it reaches the ocean: https://planetwild.com/r/veritasium/m34

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

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Chapters:
0:00 The 3 Body Problem
4:16 Potential Energies
7:09 What is the curl in mathematics?
11:59 Bohm and Oppenheimer
14:36 Potentials in the Schrödinger Equation
18:40 The Aharonov-Bohm Effect
25:29 The Donut Experiment
27:49 Can potentials affect reality?
33:51 The Gravitational Aharonov-Bohm Effect

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A special thank you to Prof. Yakir Aharonov for discussing your own original research with us.

And a huge thank you to Prof. David Kaiser, Prof. Steven Strogatz, Dr Peter Asenbaum, Prof. Olival Freire Jr., and Prof. Yuval Gefen for your invaluable expertise and contributions to this video.

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References - https://ve42.co/ABRefs
Image refs - https://ve42.co/Ty
Thumbnail image: Based on work by Perosello (CC BY-SA 4.0)  commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:5_4_800_36_downscaled.gif

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jesse Brandsoy, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Martin Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robson, Sam Lutfi, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee

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Writers: Daniel Leonard, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Producer and Director: Daniel Leonard
Presenters: Derek Muller, Casper Mebius & Gregor Čavlović
Editor: Jack Saxon
Additional Editor: James Stuart
Animators: Emma Wright, Fabio Abertelli, Andrew Neet & Ivy Trello
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek, Grace Nemanic & Isaac McRee
Researchers: Gabe Strong & Callum Cuttle
Thumbnail designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Josh Pitt, Matthew Cavanagh, Anna Milkovic, Katy Southwood & Jess Bishop-Laggett
Executive Producers: Derek Muller, Casper Mebius & Gregor Čavlović

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

The Citicorp centre once had a 67% chance of falling over!

Repairs were beyond necessary but William LeMessurier and his team had to construct supports secretly at night so as not to cause panic.

What happens if you keep slowing down time? Sponsored by Hostinger - Make today your Day One and visit https://ve42.co/VE10. Use code VERITASIUM for an additional discount.

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

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0:00 How does a strobe work?
3:28 The Man Who Stopped Time
8:43 Spatial vs Temporal Resolution
13:09 1 Trillion FPS
16:56 Watching Light Move
19:04 The Straightest Building in the World
24:19 How to get 1 Quadrillion FPS
28:25 Seeing Electrons

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A huge thank you to Jim Bales, Kim Vandiver, Jamie Chelel and everyone at the MIT Edgerton Center for walking us through Edgerton’s demos - https://ve42.co/EdgertonC

Thank you to Tech Imaging for letting us use their Photron Nova S16 high-speed video camera - https://ve42.co/TechImg

A massive thank you Nikhil Behari, Ramesh Raskar and MIT’s Camera Culture Group for having us over - https://ve42.co/CameraCulture

Check out Prof Raskar’s original trillion FPS coke bottle video here - https://youtu.be/EtsXgODHMWk

A big thank you to Anagh Malik and the University of Toronto Computational Imaging Group.
Check out Anagh’s work here - https://ve42.co/Malik2024

Finally, a huge thank you to Aaron Groff, James Cryan and everyone at SLAC for letting us visit their electron accelerator - https://ve42.co/SLAC

The paper on the final charge density simulation is available here - https://ve42.co/Grell2023

Check out the AlphaPhoenix billion FPS camera here - https://youtu.be/IaXdSGkh8Ww

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References: https://ve42.co/StoppingTimeRefs

Visual References:

Charge density simulation video by Gilbert Grell, Alicia Palacios, and Fernando Martín, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Edgerton images courtesy of © 2010 MIT. Courtesy of MIT Museum - https://ve42.co/MITMus
Bullet Shadowgram available via CC-BY-SA-3.0 on Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Shadowgram
Various SLAC shots via - https://www.youtube.com/ @SLAC

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Data Don, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jesse Brandson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mark Heising, Marti Paull, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Moebiusol - Cristian, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robson, Sam Lufti, Shalva Bukia, Sinan Taifour, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Vahe Andonians, wolfee

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Writers: Gregor Čavlović, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Producer & Director: Gregor Čavlović
Presenter: Gregor Čavlović
Editors: Jack Saxon, Peter Nelson & Trenton Oliver
Additional Editors: James Stuart & James Horsley
Animators: Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, Andrew Neet, Emma Wright & Rokas Viksraitis
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek, Kathryn Chan, Grace Nemanic, Nataly Zhuk & Isaac McRee
Camera Operators: Michael Cimpher, Jesse Chandler & Gregor Čavlović
Researcher: Aakash Singh Bagga & Gabe Strong
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Josh Pitt, Matthew Cavanagh, Anna Milkovic, Gabe Strong, Sulli Yost & Katy Southwood
Executive Producers: Casper Mebius & Derek Muller

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

The problem seems simple but the answer isn't...

How an unlikely physics paradox controls these counterintuitive structures.

The small world problem.

How can we be connected in 6 steps if most of us spend our lives in small clusters?

The insane machines that make the most advanced computer chips. Sponsored by Brilliant - To learn for free for a full 30 days, go to https://brilliant.org/veritasium and get started. Plus, our viewers get 20% off an annual Premium subscription for unlimited daily access to all Brilliant courses.

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

▀▀▀
0:00 The Machine That Saved Moore’s Law
3:12 How are microchips made?
9:11 What is extreme ultraviolet lithography?
15:04 Nuclear Fusion To The Rescue
21:59 How ASML Conquered The Chip World
35:35 Who are ASML’s biggest customers?
37:40 The Most Important Tech Company In The World
41:25 Inside ASML

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A big thank you to Marc Assinck, Jos Benschop, Jan van Schoot, and Jayson Stewart and the rest of the team at ASML.

We are also incredibly grateful to Vivek Bakshi, Andy Hawryluk, Marc Hijink, Asianometry & Claude Montcalm for their time and expertise.

If you want to learn more about ASML and how they developed EUV, check out Marc Hijnk's book “Focus: The ASML way” - https://focus-dewereldvanasml.nl/

Explore the Asianometry channel (including a wealth of EUV videos) here - https://www.youtube.com/ @Asianometry

See Jayson Stewart’s article on the EUV light source and supernovas here - https://spectrum.ieee.org/euv-light-source

The photo at 0:16 is used with the kind permission of Piotr Krzemiński - check out his channel @microscopychannel


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References: https://ve42.co/ASMLRefs

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Damien, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

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Writers: Sulli Yost, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Producer and Director: Sulli Yost
Presenters: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius
Editor: Trenton Oliver
Additional Editors: Spencer Wright, James Stuart & Peter Nelson
Additional Writer: Vibhor Pandey
Animators: Andrew Neet, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli, & Mike Radjabov
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek, Maria Gusakovich, Veronika Pasynkova, Grace Nemanic, Isaac McRee, Nataly Zhuk & Hollisstudioo
Camera Operators: Sulli Yost, Richard van Rijn, Derek Muller & Casper Mebius
Researchers: Gabe Strong, Callum Cuttle & Aakash Singh Bagga
Thumbnail Designers: Ren Hurley, Ben Powell & Abdallah Rabah
Production Team: Josh Pitt, Matthew Cavanagh, Anna Milkovic & Katy Southwood
Executive Producers: Casper Mebius & Derek Muller

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

Am I retiring?

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References: https://ve42.co/AnnouncementRefs

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Damien, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

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Writer and Director: Derek Muller
Editor: Trenton Oliver
Additional Photography: James Horsley, Callum Cuttle, and Miguel Duarte
Researcher: Aakash Singh Bagga
Animator: Peter Nelson
Production Team: Katy Southwood, Josh Pitt & Matthew Cavanagh
Executive Producer: Derek Muller

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound and Jonny Hyman

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Elements of Truth Game: https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/elements-of-truth/elements-of-truth-by-veritasium/description
Snatoms: https://snatoms.com/
VeMail: https://veritasium.kit.com/posts

How an argument between Einstein and Bohr changed quantum mechanics forever.

Sponsored by NordVPN - 🌏 Get exclusive NordVPN deal here: https://NordVPN.com/veritasium It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee!✌

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

▀▀▀
Thank you to Dr Adam Becker for his help with this video - check out his book here https://ve42.co/WhatReal

And special thanks to Thierry Avignon, Benjamin Vest, and Lionel Jacubowiez of the Institut d'Optique Graduate School - Laboratoire d'Enseignement Expérimental (LEnsE)

Correction:
30:53 Electrons and Positrons not Protons

▀▀▀
0:00 The Speed of Gravity
3:07 Spooky Action at a Distance
5:21 The Copenhagen Interpretation
9:12 The EPR Paradox and Hidden Variables
17:25 Einstein vs Bohr
20:51 John Bell and Entanglement
22:14 Bell’s Theorem
29:30 The Bell Inequality Test
33:41 The Most Misunderstood Experiment in Physics
35:06 The Locality Problem
40:37 The Many-Worlds Interpretation

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References:
Adam Becker (2018). What is Real?. Basic Civitas Books - ve42.co/WhatReal
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox via Wikipedia - ve42.co/EPRWiki
Einstein, A. et al. (1935). Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?. American Physical Society (APS) - ve42.co/EPR
Solvay Conference via Wikipedia - ve42.co/SolvayConf
Owen Willans Richardson Photo Galley via nobelprize.org - ve42.co/SolvayPhoto
Bohr-Einstein debates via Wikipedia - ve42.co/BohrEinDeb
Bacciagaluppi, G and Valentini, A (2009). Quantum Theory at the Crossroads. Cambridge University Press - ve42.co/Crossroads
Bohr, N. (1935). Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?. American Physical Society (APS) - ve42.co/BohrResp
The Solvay Conference via rarehistoricalphotos.com - ve42.co/SolvayImg
Kragh, H. (2022). Chemists Without Knowing It?. Firenze University Press - ve42.co/BhorsConferenceImg
Einstein Attacks Quantum Theory. The New York Times via nytimes.com - ve42.co/EinsteinAttackQT
Oral History Interviews via repository.aip.org - ve42.co/BohrInterview

Images & Video:
Image and video references can be found here - https://ve42.co/BellsImRefs

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Damien, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

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Writers: Mithuna Yoganathan, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Producer & Director: Mithuna Yoganathan
Editor: Spencer Wright
Camera Operators: Mithuna Yoganathan, Derek Muller and Maxime Beauquesne
Animators: Alex Drakoulis, Fabio Albertelli, Emma Wright, Andrew Neet and Peter Nelson
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek, Katheryn Chan, Grace Nemanic, Isaac McCree and Natalky Zhuk
Assistant Editor: James Stuart
Researchers: Gabe Strong and Sophia Long
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Katy Southwood, Josh Pitt, Anna Milkovic and Matthew Cavanagh
Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

Notes

*When we show the Stern Gerlach experiment we’ve chosen to flip the polarity of the machine when measuring a positron. This is because both its spin and charge should oppose the electron’s. This would mean both would bend in the same direction! We’re interested in seeing the difference in the spins so we flip the machine to make this clearer.

**We show curved spacetime using Flamm’s Parabaloid, which we discovered is controversial, more notes on that here - https://ve42.co/HBDFlamm

There is this strange pattern of bodies of water all down the east coast of America and most of them point northwest.

They're called Carolina Bays as they're found predominantly in the Carolina states, and they're home to some crazy wildlife.

But how did they form?

How Paul Dirac uncovered the anti-universe. Sponsored by Hostinger - visit https://ve42.co/hostinger and use the code VERITASIUM to get an extra discount on top of the sale prices.

Get your exclusive edition of Veritasium’s first tabletop game - join 8,000+ backers - https://ve42.co/did

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

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A huge thank you to Graham Farmelo and Cumrun Vafa for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video.

If you want to hear more about Dirac's life we've posted an extended interview with biographer Graham over on our patreon here - https://ve42.co/patreonbonus

A special thanks to Matteo Arfini for his help with this video.

Check out Graham Farmelo’s books here - https://grahamfarmelo.com/

Explore Cumrun Vafa’s research here - https://www.cumrunvafa.org/

Thank you also to Florida State University and Caltech for their fantastic archives.

You can find the digitized materials from the FSU’s Paul A. M. Dirac Collection here - https://ve42.co/FSUdirac - and more about the discovery of the positron here - https://ve42.co/CalispherePositron

▀▀▀
0:00 Can Negative Energy Exist?
3:27 The Schrödinger Equation Is Wrong
8:33 The Strangest Man In Physics
11:01 Dirac and the Klein-Gordon equation
17:27 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
20:54 The Dirac Equation
24:21 The Saddest Chapter in Modern Physics
26:35 The Anti-Electron
29:57 Antiparticles Travel Backwards In Time
31:24 The Anti-World


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References can be found here - https://ve42.co/DiracRefs

Image and video references can be found here - https://ve42.co/DiracVisuals

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Anupam Banerjee, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

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Writers: Lily Shepherd, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Producer & Director: Lily Shepherd
Editors: Jonny Lennard
Camera Operators: Casper Mebius
Animators: Andrew Neet, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli & Peter Nelson
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek & Nataly Zhuk
Assistant Editors: James Horsley & James Stuart
Researchers: Callum Cuttle & Sophia Rose
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Katy Southwood & Josh Pitt
Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

#Sponsored @madebygoogle A single drop of water is all it takes to turn the new Google #Pixel10Pro into a makeshift microscope.

Promotional code offer expires 12/05/2025 at 11:59p.m. PT; while supplies last. Must be redeemed on Google Store only. User must be signed-in to their Google Account and checkout with Google Pay profile, including a valid form of payment. Limit 1 per customer.Available only to US residents, aged 18 years or older, with US shipping addresses. Google Pay profile must be registered in the US and promotional code can only be used in the US.To redeem, visit store.google.com, add the desired item to the cart, then enter promotional code during checkout for an instant discount on your purchase on one of four eligible items: Pixel 10 (unlocked), Pixel 10 Pro (unlocked), Pixel 10 Pro XL (unlocked), Pixel 10 Pro Fold (unlocked). Promotional code is for one-time use only with no residual balance; is not transferable; and is not valid for cash or cash equivalent. May be combined with other offers on Google Store. Void where prohibited. Terms of sale and additional Promotional code terms apply: https://store.google.com/terms/google_store_promo_codes

The world is not Normal. Sponsored by NordVPN. 🌏 Get exclusive NordVPN deal here ➵ https://NordVPN.com/veritasium It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee!✌

Get your exclusive edition of Veritasium’s first tabletop game - join 6,000+ backers - https://ve42.co/pld

To play around with the simulations in the video, you can follow these links:
Sandpiles - https://www.veritasium.com/simulation3
Ising model (magnetism) - https://www.veritasium.com/simulation4
Forest fires - https://www.veritasium.com/simulation5

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

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A huge thanks to Steven Strogatz, Mark Buchanan and Mark Newman for their time and expertise.

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CHAPTERS:
0:00 What is a power law?
4:31 Expected Values
8:49 The St. Petersburg Paradox
11:37 Outliers Dominate Averages
15:23 Fractals and Power Laws
19:28 Self-Organized Criticality
24:08 Why do we light controlled forest fires?
26:40 How We Can Predict Earthquakes
32:11 Critical Systems and Universality
36:31 How Some Businesses Are Built On Power Laws
39:30 What game are you playing? Normal or power?

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References: https://ve42.co/PowerLawsRefs

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Anupam Banerjee, armedtoe, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures & wolfee

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Writers - James Moore, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Producer & Director - James Moore
Presenters - Derek Muller & Casper Mebius
Editors - Jack Saxon & Peter Nelson
Animators - Fabio Albertelli, Emma Wright, Saif Javed & Andrew Neet
Additional Editor - James Stuart
Researchers - Aakash Singh Bagga & Callum Cuttle
Simulations - Aakash Singh Bagga
Thumbnail Designers - Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team - Josh Pitt, Matthew Cavanagh, Anna Milkovic & Katy Southwood
Executive Producers - Derek Muller & Casper Mebius


Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound